What Is the Losada Ratio

What Is the Losada Ratio Emotions Print What Is the Losada Ratio? By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on June 28, 2019 Getty / Thomas Barwick   More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming The Losada Ratio, also known as the Critical Positivity Ratio or Losada Line, was a positive psychology concept originally proposed in 2005 in a paper published in the journal American psychologist by Marcial Losada of the Universidade Católica de Brasília and psychologist Barbara Frederickson of the University of Michigan. This concept originally received support in the academic community with over 1000 citations (specifically, the positive psychology field) and was promoted in the popular media. Frederickson even wrote a book based on the concept titled Positivity: Top-Notch Research Reveals the 3 to 1 Ratio That Will Change Your Life by Barbara Fredrickson and Losada began a consulting business, Losada Line Consulting, as an offshoot. However, it was later subject to scrutiny, resulting in a retraction and general acceptance that it had been discredited. Overview of the Losada Ratio The concept of the Losada Ratio grew out of the work of Losada and Frederickson and was based on the idea that it would be possible to determine a precise ratio of positive to negative emotions that determines people who will flourish versus those that will languish. There Are Some Secrets That Happy People All Share Losada and Frederickson used nonlinear dynamics modeling based on Lorenz systems to argue that the ideal positivity ratio fell in the range between 2.9013 and 11.6346. Their data were based on observations of 60 management teams making strategic plans. They rated comments made by managers as positive or negative, and then related the ratio of positive to negative comments to profitability, customer satisfaction, etc. In their paper, they described the proposed relation between positive information (P) and negative information (N) and plotted it onto a butterfly-shaped graph: The formula connecting P/N to emotional space is P/N (E - i)b-1, where E is emotional space, i is the initial value of positivity/negativity (equal to 16), and b-1  is the Lorenz inverse constant (equal to 0.375). P/N 1 when E 18.66. Overall, their findings were that there was an ideal amount of encouragement and reinforcement, and that this could be expressed as a positivity ratio. In other words, if a manager were to apply a ratio of roughly 3:1 positive versus negative feedback, an employee would flourish and enter a mindset for high performance. However, if that ratio hit anything above roughly 11:1, then this would disrupt flourishing. This dividing line is where the term Losada Line comes from. They also discussed how this concept could also apply to marriages and situations outside of organizations. Criticisms of the Losada Ratio In 2011, Nicholas J. L. Brown, a 52-year-old part-time positivity psychology graduate student at the University of East London was assigned to read the paper by Losada and Frederickson. Brown was skeptical of the claims in the paper and felt that the mathematical claims were flawed. Therefore, he enlisted the help of physicist Alan Sokal and psychologist Harris Friedman, and reanalyzed the data. These three researchers identified various conceptual and mathematical errors in the paper that would invalidate the claims of Losada and Frederickson. They felt that critical details had been left out, the experiments were poorly reported, there were errors in the use of differential equations, and that there was no justification for the interpretations made. Together they wrote a rebuttal letter in which they raised the following concerns: The data used by Losada did not meet the criteria for use of differential equations.The parameters chosen were arbitrary, such that if different ones were chosen, this would had led to a different ratio.The butterfly graph was not a model of the data but the result of a computer simulation. In other words, the math was assembled to show the fit that was desired.The researchers did not understand the implications of nonlinear dynamic data and how windows of ratios would be more appropriate rather than a single ratio band. In essence, Brown, Sokal, and Friedman argued that the positivity ratio was nonsensical and that there was no reasonable justification for using fluid dynamics (specifically, a model of convection in fluids) to describe human behavior. Outcome of Criticisms Criticism of the Losada ratio contributed to the perception that the field of social psychology was lacking critical thinking and rigor, since nobody had thought to question the claims of the paper, including the journals peer reviewers. This romantic scientism, as it was sometimes called, was concerning in that it meant the foundation of positive psychology was being questioned. For their part, Losada and Frederickson had different reactions to the critique. Losada originally did not respond to the criticism saying that he was too busy with his consulting business, leaving Frederickson to fend for herself, who eventually distanced herself from Losada. Frederickson acknowledged that the mathematical aspects of the paper were questionable and that she did not have the expertise to defend them on her own. However, she continued to assert that the empirical evidence was solid as was the notion of a higher ratio contributing to flourishing. American Psychologist retracted the mathematical components of the paper, rendering the ratio invalid. Eventually, Losada came forth with more formulas about asymmetric emotional fields and organization viscosity, but these claims were essentially, too little too late. What We Can Learn From the Losada Ratio What can be learned from this whole mess that is the Losada Ratio? People Like to Reduce Things to Numbers First, we learned that we like to reduce people to numbers. For instance, how often do you check your weight? Steps walked in a day? Have you ever checked your IQ? It was convenient to have a 3 to 1 ratio to work from, particularly in organizations. However, this only truly works for the physical world. Human behavior is much more complex and is the result of multiple factors. If there is a critical positivity ratio, its likely different for each person, because it depends on an individuals mindset, situation, challenges, and past experiences. What Isnt Understood Isnt Questioned Why wasnt the math behind the Losada Ratio questioned before Brown came along? Likely because the people reading the paper felt they had less knowledge than Losada when it came to understanding how the model was used. If you dont understand something, often the easiest route is to assume that you can trust someone who seems to know more than you. Compliance Techniques in Psychology Research Popular Culture Influences Perception In the case of the Losada Ratio, it is likely that the popularity of the concept had something to do with why it took so long to be discredited. The concept took hold in organizations and among management; Losada even talked about how he discussed the concept with the president of MIT and vice president Al Gore. A Word From Verywell Overall, there seem to be two general takeaways when considering the Losada Ratio events. The first relates to where to go from here in terms of positivity/negativity when giving feedback to others, because that is what the Losada Ratio was all about. The second relates to how we can be critical of the information that we consume. So firstâ€"what can we glean about positivity and negativity? If there were such a thing as a Losada Ratio, its likely that it would differ for each person. This simply means that if you are a manager, you need to get to know your employees and figure out what ratio of positive versus negative feedback works to motivate each person. This could potentially be applied to other situations as well. If youre a parent, you probably know that each of your kids responds to feedback in different ways. Nextâ€"when considering information, we like to think that we can check the source to determine if its trustworthy. And while usually, this is true, it wasnt in the case of the Losada ratio. This study was published in an academic journal by university researchers and yet it did not have merit. What this means is that you need to think critically about every piece of information that you consume. If its something that is not your area of expertise, dont assume that its correct because you cant understand it. If something seems off, ask someone else you know is knows more about the topic than you. While the situation of the Losada Ratio is somewhat of an anomaly in research circles, it highlights the need for continued questioning of what we assume to be true. Science-Backed Links Between Health And Happiness

How Philanthropy Is An Effort Or Act Of Good - 1247 Words

IV. RELATIONSHIPS A. Philanthropy Philanthropy is an effort or act of good will to help others by performing a direct service to people or organizations or by raising money for a worthy cause. Philanthropy is an opportunity for all of us to live our Kappa values. Kappa members believe that philanthropy — or mutual helpfulness — is an important value. Raise awareness of the needs of others by participating in local campus and community philanthropy events, monetarily contributing to the Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation and supporting our national partner, Reading Is Fundamental. The Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation Every alumnae association is encouraged to make a donation to the Foundation each fiscal year. The Foundation relies on the loyalty and support of chapters, associations and individual members through contributions to fund Kappa’s educational programs, scholarships, financial aid and preservation of Kappa heritage. For more information about the Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation’s programs or how to support them, review the Foundation section of this Alumnae Association Manual or visit www.kappa.org/foundation. Reading Is Fundamental Kappa Kappa Gamma adopted Reading Is Fundamental as our national philanthropy in 2004. RIF’s goal is to serve the nation’s underserved children and families through the development and delivery of literacy programs and campaigns that motivate youth to read regularly. Formed in 1966, RIF’s highest priority is reaching underserved childrenShow MoreRelatedBp ( British Petroleum )1344 Words   |  6 PagesBP did extensive test to assure the public that this new pipeline posed no hazard to the environment and that there was an intense level of commitment and focus (Thorne, p. 587 2014). 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Respectability Politics in Early America in Founding...

In Founding Brothers, Joseph J. Ellis discusses how the relationships of the founding fathers shaped the United States, looking not only at what happened historically but the myths that have prevailed in modern times. I have few issues with this book one of which is that the narrative often jumps from one time and place to another, and while it provides the relevant information and keeps the reader’s attention, it can be hard to follow at times. In addition there are times were he explains the same incident more than once, which is distracting and unnecessary. Despite this Ellis supports his thesis well through stories of political and personal events between the founders, and clearly shows how it affected their treatment of each other.†¦show more content†¦I believe that this was an excellent choice on Ellis’ part as the introduction left me somewhat confused due to the time jumps, and more than a bit bored. Thus the mental imagery of these men rowing through the swamp to â€Å"the interview at Weehawken† is both colorful and captivating. The most interesting part of the chapter though is not the duel, but the later description of the mounting animosity between these two men and the missed opportunities to save Alexander Hamilton’s life. It also emphasized the importance of a good personal reputation at the dawn of our government. This is shown in the failing careers if the two duelers, not so much because of their politics but due to the negative reputations they gained with the public and their fellow politicians. This is especially emphasized by the slander against Burr for the death of Hamilton and the lack of liable laws to protect him and his reputation. This slander, as Ellis provides convincing evidence that Hamilton shot first and was thus neither innocent or a martyr, is now the enduring myth leading to questions of the legitimacy of some of the other stories of the founders. One example is the story of Thomas Je fferson’s dinner where he, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison supposedly solved the issue of the location of the capitol and the national debt. The second chapter starts with thisShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMemories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political

Blood Bank Free Essays

Blood bank Although there are any complicated instruments in the blood bank department, but it’s a very important and sensitive section of the medical laboratory as it deals with donors and acceptors of the blood, it transfer for leukemia and thalasemia patients, new born and cancer patients and so many cases blood bank save their lives. Tests that are carried in this department: 1- Some tests, which included donated free of diseases, serology tests 2- blood grouping 3- rhesus factor†Rh† 4- direct indirect coombs test 5- cross matching 1-serology tests To ensure that donated free of infectious diseases as HIV, Hbs, VDRL These tests are rabid tests using a card [pic] 2- blood grouping Red blood cells contain on their surface on Ag A,B, and the have their antibodies in the serum on the same red blood cells. That means, that every blood group can give a specific other group and receive also from a specific one in order to avoid agglutination and so blood clotting. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now [pic] Method 1: On a slide put two drops of blood- -Add a drop of anti A on the first blood drop, and a drop af anti B on the second blood drop – mix and wait for 2 minutes – observe the agglutination if happened with anti A the blood group is A [pic] You can use a test tube instead of the slide, and then put the tubes in the centrifuge and watch the agglutination found 3- Rhesus factor â€Å"Rh† Is a complex antigen â€Å"D† found on the red blood cells and has its anti in the serum of the blood. 85 % are Rh + which has D in their blood Its very dangerous if persons, which are Rh negative received Rh positive it makes agglutinations, and may lead to death. Method : -As in the blood grouping -Put a drop of blood + a drop of anti D Mix together, observe the agglutination – -If found any agglutinations, its Rh positive. -direct indirect coombs test This test is carried out to detect the presence of incomplete antibodies, which would react with doubl e of complete antigen making a clot. And these are very serious and dangerous cases. A- direct coombs test Detect antibodies reactive with RBCs and conjoined Bhaotkon these objects is incomplete and not have the ability to cause coagulation alone and shows Taktherha only after the addition of serum Coombs. This test is very important in diagnosis many cases, the most popular is â€Å"Hemolytic anemia of new born†, lead poisoning, some drugs, inherited hemolytic anemia. Method: -Add drops of blood in a test tube and wash using saline 2-3 times( â€Å"wash† as the word means, add saline to the blood and through the filtrate 2-3 times making a bloody suspension) – add 2 drops to the washed Rbcs, and put the tube in the centifuge – examine the formation of any agglutination first with nacked eyes then using microscope. – if found it’s a positive coombs test B- indirect coombs test: to detect the presence of free antigens in the blood, not attached to red blood cells. Method: – prepare a sample of blood group O+ and wash with saline 2-3 times 2- put drops of patient serum in a test tube, add 2 drops of washed O+ blood 3- put in a water bath for 40-60 minutes 4- after 50 minutes add â€Å"bovine serum albumin† to the tube 5- wash again with saline 3-4 times 6- add 2 drops of coombs anti human globuline, and then put into centrifuge 7- observe the presence of agglutination 8- if found before add coombs reag ent = presence of anti D 9- If found after add coombs reagent= presence of incomplete anti D 10- If not found at all= negative test. [pic] -cross matching The cross matching test is very important in case of blood transfusion from donors to acceptors as the blood group and Rh should be identical to each other. So sample of blood of donor and acceptor is added to each other and checking for any formation of clotting, if found that indicates that they are not suitable for each other At first the blood group and the Rh type is detected before carring out the cross matching, and they should be identical Simply add drop of donor blood + drop of acceptor blood and mix well and watch for agglutinations formed If any agglutination formed that’s means the donor and acceptor blood are not identical The figure below explain the procedure briefly. [pic] Blood bags colors: For keeping blood bags colors are as follows: Red is the color of blood is used to save the type (o) Yellow color is used to save the blood of type (a) Green color is used to save the blood of type (b) Blue color is used to save the blood of the type (ab) This poster, which shows color should clarify the patient’s name and for keeping the blood bag and the type of preservative and temperature required to save the blood and the name of the hospital blood and date of preparation. Anticoagulants used in blood bags: Is non-clotting materials added to the blood bags Blood Bag These materials vary its chemical content, which in turn affect the period of keeping the blood. 1 – Material CPD: It knows its components citrate phosphate dextrose and that preserve blood for 21 days after mixing blood, under colder than 2-6 degrees Celsius. 2 – Article CPDA: They are the materials the previous addition of adenine, which in turn kept the blood for 29 days in the same previous methods. 3 – Article CPDA-I: This article reservation blood for 35 days ,save the whole blood. These three materials used amount of 63 cm ? full unit of blood is added about 400-450 cm ? of whole blood by withdrawing blood from the donor. Where that blood saves temperatures of 2-6 degrees Celsius private refrigerators to save the blood. 4 – SAG-M material or substance ADSOL: used to save the concentrated red blood cells for a period of 42 days degrees cooler than 2-6 degrees Celsius. This method using a 100 cm ? the sag-m or ADSOL be present unit separate from the whole blood units and connected pipe tight and sterile. As the blood drawn from the donor and mixes textured CPD usual and after by the apartheid regime through centrifugal force refrigerated centrifugation separates blood plasma to the unit empty neighboring unit blood then keep red blood cells concentrated alone which are added directly 100 cm ? of the foregoing adsol / sag-m to keep red blood cells to centralize for a period of 42 days. 5 – Article Djileerool glycerol: Reservation concentrated red blood cells for a period of 15 years or more and under cooler from 65 to 200 degrees Celsius below zero. This modern way used to freeze red blood cells concentrated from rare species or negative and is dissolving blood frozen after that when usage and the need for washing cells red, textured saline-glucose solution to remove material Djileerool of blood and then later used these red blood cells to patients. The means of blood plasma and sludge near, it is frozen in freezers less degree cold out to about 30 to 35 degrees below zero and one year AD full, but platelets, they kept for five days in a continuous motion to prevent damage, and the degree of conservation of 20-22 degrees Celsius. Types of Blood Transfusion Blood Transfusion: Full blood transfusion whole blood: The simplest kinds of transport where blood is taken from the donor and kept in the fridge at a temperature close to almost 8 degrees. Which is used during times of emergency, But loses its anti-bleeding elements. Transfer plasma: As we know consists of blood â€Å"red blood cells + plasma† If red blood cells transport oxygen. The tasks of the plasma containing elements prevent blood clots. And thus will be useful for many patients and gives better results and faster as patients liver. As well as a pint of pure plasma is easier on the body of a mixed-liter of whole blood. Transfer platelets: It is relatively more expensive and needs modern major hospitals. Or be separated manually through lab technician but needs a sterile room at 100%, which may be difficult to get it continuously. The mean platelet extract â€Å"only† from the donor and returned the rest of the blood â€Å"plasma + erythrocytes† donated to the same moment. It is suitable for patients who suffer from a shortage of blood platelets, which help heal wounds. Refrigerators Blood Bank: You will find two types of refrigerators: – refrigerators for keeping blood bags full whole blood: And often have gate transparent glass shelves. Each rack of a particular department or certain species. There is, for example, a special rack Balveselh A-or there is a special rack, Department of Orthopedic.. Each section has a share of the blood bags. There is a special rack emergency. Wharf special sur plus â€Å"given any section†. Refrigerator temperature appears on a small digital screen. In addition, the average temperature of 8 degrees Celsius. 2 – refrigerators to save plasma bags: temperature of about 43 below zero .. Because plasma contain elements prevent icing and prevent bleeding and proteins need to lower temperatures to save Blood transfusion bags: Per bag hose blogger called â€Å"tube†, Recorded in the book Blood Bank. As an example: No. This bag is hose 123456a .. And on each paper bag writable. Adzun â€Å"name of the donor† and â€Å"the name of the patient† and â€Å"taking blood† and â€Å"blood†. Daily and periodically examine the contents of refrigerators of blood bags and review its date. In the event of termination validity blood bag is left out of order execution .. Blood bags execution: Be executed â€Å"get rid† of blood in two cases. Either analyzes showed that the donor patient in one of the viruses â€Å"hepatitis or AIDS or syphalis† Or â€Å"expiration blood†. Collect the bags to be culled in environmental bags â€Å"red†. And closes tightly car to take them medical waste to get rid of them safely through the burning in special containers .. Books of blood transfusion: All data is recorded books, Name of the donor, blood type and result of the analysis and the compatibility and tube. When asked for any blood bag section. The technician or doctor reviewed the book and the contents of the fridge and writes a receipt or revenue blood bag, such as banks completely How to cite Blood Bank, Essay examples

Widget Production Executive Summary free essay sample

Though alternative one may have fewer workers the workers can bring productivity up from 208 to 392 units which are also more than what alternative two can produce with a few more workers than alternative one. Alternative one not only lowers labor wages per year but also has almost double the cash flow in year one and continues to raise during years two through 5. Effects on Productivity Alternative one provides a reduction in down time therefore raising the productivity. Productivity jumps from 208 to 392 units. An upgrade in equipment of $1. million in robotics and mobile storage carts is needed. These upgrades will allow company to produce more in the allotted eight hour shift. The life span of the new upgraded equipment is seven years. This will also help production to stay on track. Not only does it allow less down time from wasted motion but should also have a reduced down time for any adjustments or modifications on the new equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on Widget Production Executive Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Network Strategy There can be some benefits of using a network strategy to streamline operational procedures. Using this type of streamlining can help to keep the employees on the assembly line up to date on where numbers are with production.Management can benefit well with the network strategy as it can be immediate. They will be able to know where the assembly line is on the production numbers and how many worker’s compensations claims are active. It will help to keep communication open between the assembly line workers and management as to how the new system is working. Conclusion It has been decided that for Taylor Inc to thrive in production but minimize worker’s compensation that alternative one is the best choice. Taylor Inc will be able to maximize its production and therefore maximize the company’s profits. Spending the extra funds on updated robotics and storage carts will allow Taylor Inc to be successful and save in other areas.

Learn 7 Facts About the Sistine Chapel

Learn 7 Facts About the Sistine Chapel Michelangelos Sistine Chapel ceiling is one of the most influential artworks of all time and a foundational work of Renaissance Art. Painted directly on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the masterpiece depicts key scenes from the Book of Genesis. The complex narratives and skillfully painted human figures stunned viewers when the painting was first unveiled to the public in 1512 and continues to impress the thousands of pilgrims and tourists from around the world who visit the chapel every day. Below are seven essential facts about the Sistine Chapel ceiling and its creation. The Paintings Were Commissioned by Pope Julius II   In 1508, Pope Julius II (also known as Giulio II and Il papa terribile), asked  Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapels ceiling. Julius was determined that Rome should be rebuilt to its former glory, and had embarked on a vigorous campaign to achieve the ambitious task. He felt that such artistic splendor would not only add luster to his own name, but also serve to supersede anything that Pope Alexander VI (a Borgia, and Julius rival) had accomplished. Michelangelo Painted Over 5,000 Square Feet of Frescoes   The ceiling measures about 40 meters (131 feet) long by 13 meters (43 feet) wide. Although these numbers are rounded, they demonstrate the enormous scale of this nontraditional canvas. In fact, Michelangelo painted well over 5,000 square feet of frescoes. The Panels Depict More Than Just Scenes From the Book of Genesis The ceilings well-known central panels depict scenes from the Book of Genesis, from the Creation  to the Fall to shortly after Noahs deluge. Adjacent to each of these scenes on either side, however, are immense portraits of prophets and sibyls who foretold the coming of the Messiah. Along the bottoms of these run spandrels and lunettes containing the ancestors of Jesus and stories of tragedy in ancient Israel. Scattered throughout are smaller figures, cherubs, and ignudi (nudes). All told, there are more than 300 painted figures on the ceiling. Michelangelo Was a Sculptor, Not a Painter Michelangelo thought of himself as a sculptor and preferred working with marble to almost any other material. Prior to the ceiling frescoes, the only painting hed done was during his brief stint as a student in Ghirlandaios workshop. Julius, however, was adamant that Michelangelo - and no other- should paint the Chapels ceiling. To convince him, Julius offered as a reward to Michelangelo the wildly lucrative commission of sculpting 40 massive figures for his tomb, a project that appealed much more to Michelangelo given his artistic style. The Paintings Took Four Years to Finish It took Michelangelo a little over four years, from July of 1508 to October of 1512, to finish the paintings. Michelangelo had never painted frescoes before and was learning the craft as he worked. Whats more, he chose to work in  buon fresco, the most difficult method, and one normally reserved for true masters. He also had to learn some wickedly hard techniques in perspective, namely painting figures on curved surfaces that appear correct when viewed from nearly 60 feet below. The work suffered numerous other setbacks, including mold and miserable, damp weather that disallowed plaster curing. The project was further stalled when Julius left to wage war and again when he fell ill. The ceiling project and any hope Michelangelo had of being paid were frequently in jeopardy while Julius was absent or near death. Michelangelo Didnt Really Paint Lying Down   Although the classic film The Agony and the Ecstacy,  depicts Michelangelo (played by Charlton Heston) painting the frescoes on his back, the real Michelangelo didnt work in this position. Instead, he conceived and had constructed a unique scaffolding system sturdy enough to hold workers and materials and high enough that mass could still be celebrated below. The scaffolding curved at its top, mimicking the curvature of the ceilings vault. Michelangelo often had to bend backward and paint over his head - an awkward position that caused permanent damage to his vision. Michelangelo Had Assistants Michelangelo  gets, and deserves, credit for the entire project. The complete design was his. The sketches and cartoons for the frescoes were all of his hand, and he executed the vast bulk of the actual painting by himself. However, the vision of Michelangelo toiling away, a solitary figure in a vacant chapel, isnt entirely accurate. He needed many assistants  if only to mix his paints, scramble up and down ladders, and prepare the days plaster (a nasty business). Occasionally, a talented assistant might be entrusted with a patch of sky, a bit of landscape, or a figure so small and minor it is barely discernible from below. All of these were worked from his cartoons, however, and the temperamental Michelangelo hired and fired these assistants on such a regular basis that none of them could claim credit for any part of the ceiling.

Example Sentences of the Verb Begin

Example Sentences of the Verb Begin This page provides example sentences of the verb Begin in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form begin / Past Simple began[i/] / Past Participle begun / Gerund beginning Present Simple He usually begins work at eight oclock. Present Simple Passive Construction is often begun before the plans are finished. Present Continuous We are beginning to understand the problem. Present Continuous Passive The report is being begun this very moment. Present Perfect Peter hasnt begun yet. Present Perfect Passive The report hasnt been begun yet. Present Perfect Continuous None Past Simple The school began to ask students to come earlier. Past Simple Passive The project was begun last week. Past Continuous They were beginning to eat as I arrived. Past Continuous Passive The book was being begun when I got to class. Past Perfect She had begun work before I arrived. Past Perfect Passive The project had been begun before he approved the final plans. Past Perfect Continuous None Future (will) It will begin soon. Future (will) passive The project will be begun by John. Future (going to) Oliver is going to begin a new job next week. Future (going to) passive The process is going to be begun next month. Future Continuous He will be beginning his new job in two weeks time. Future Perfect The concert will have begun by the time you arrive. Future Possibility The movie may begin soon. Real Conditional I will begin if he arrives soon. Unreal Conditional She would begin soon if they offered her the job. Past Unreal Conditional If it had begun earlier they wouldnt have finished in time. Present Modal I must begin working hard! Past Modal They should have begun the project earlier. Quiz: Conjugate with Begin Use the verb to begin to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. The school _____ to ask students to come earlier.The project _____ before he approved the final plans.We _____ to understand the problem.He usually _____ work at eight oclock.The report _____ yet.Oliver _____ a new job next week.She _____ soon if they offered her the job.She ______ before I arrived.It _____ soon.The concert _____ by the time you arrive. Quiz Answers beganhad been begunare beginningbegins  hasnt been begunis going to beginwould beginhad begun workwill beginwill have begun